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Python Functions and features that makes the language breakthrough when compared to other
In the modern period in which computer science and its numerous sub-discipline are integrated with many cases in the real world, programming languages that I consider to be a skeleton of any computer science issue play a very important role in its development. Therefore having a fully functional programming language provides the computer science developer a more control over solving the problems. Python is such a programming language that comes with a variety of user convenience tools and functions. It also has been rated as the most wanted and third most loved language in stack overflow 2020 developer survey. So, from the survey results, it can understand that there is vast community support for python which helps it to grow more rapidly.
After considering python use and context let us come to this discussion about the post. Here we will cover various methods and functions that have to assist the python in obtaining these survey results. Also, these functions and tools will help the reader in competitive coding as well.
Counter class is a special type of data-set object supplied with the Python collections module. Collections module provides specialized container datatypes for the user, thus providing an alternative to Python ‘s general-purpose built-ins such as dictionaries, lists, and tuples. It returns with the dictionary which sights the occurrence of the particular element in data structure pass to it. Like in the below example when the list is passed to the Counter it returns dictionary having key as items of list and values of keys are their occurrence in the list.
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2.enumerate:-
Enumerate function can help in the for loop where there is a need of index with the iterable element. While doing competitive coding in certain use cases there is a need of maintaining the index of an iterable with the value so to perform the above task python has enumerate function.
In the below code snippet the “i” keywords maintain the index and “j” maintains the value at index i.
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3.zip :-
When there is a need to combine each respective elements of two or more data structure the zip function is used it takes two or more iterable as an argument
In the example below, we have two list l and k when we pass both the list to zip functions it returns an iterator which when displayed as a list contains several two-element tuples in it and the first element of the tuple is from the first list and the second element of the tuple is from the second list.
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4.map:-
When you need to apply any particular function to each element of the iterable then map function is used
If we want to square all the elements of a list then we can perform this in python with only one line of code. As shown in the below example out of the two arguments passed in map function the first is the function which we want to apply to each element of list and second is the list itself. Here we have used lambda function as an argument which we will discuss later in this article.
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5.filter:-
This works similarly to the map function but it includes conditional facility. So, if we want to apply the particular function on only the selected elements of the list unlike all elements as done in the map then filters are used. Filter function also takes two arguments in which the first is the function which if returns “True” for the element in the list then only that particular element is considered else it is discarded.
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7. namedtuples:-
If you need to access the tuples in the dictionary form where you can provide a key to search in tuple the named tuples are the best way to do it. So, named tuple includes the advantage of tuples and dictionaries. In named tuples, we can search an element in a tuple with a key.
In the example shown below firstly after importing named tuples, we have declared named tuple “dev” which stores the age and pay in the list format. After that, we add the value in “dev” named tuple by making an instance “d”. Now with the help of “d”, we can search for age which we have entered at the time of instantiating as “age” key.
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8.sorted:-
Sorted is a function mainly used for non-in-place sorting in python. By keeping reverse equals TRUE we can sort the provided list in the reverse order. The main use of sorted function comes with the help of the key parameter because using it we can sort through the inner elements of iterable. Like we can sort according to the tuples 2nd index in a data structure congaing various tuples inside the list.
In sorted function key parameter is defined as a function which governs the sorting of the provided list. Hence we can perform custom sorting with the help of key parameter
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9.min max with key
Min and max function in the list are simply used to fetch the minimum and maximum from the iterable but with the help of the key function, we can extract min and max according to the situation demands.
Suppose we need to extract minimum and maximum according to the length of string which is at the different index of the list the below code is used to do it.
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10. defaultdict:-
We need to import default dict from the collection module here it is a similar data structure as the dictionary but if we request the key which is not present in the dictionary then it does not return a key error but it returns none. Defaultdict is used when there high probability from the user side to search for the key, not in the dictionary. So, this prevents the key error and stops the python program from halting. Defaultdict takes function in the argument which returns the message to be displayed when key is not present.
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11. Re library (Regular expression):-
The regular expression is very important concerning the text processing so python comes with re library for this purpose
The basic idea behind this is to create the pattern and then fire the query to search that pattern in a string. So, the basic concept in re library is to create a pattern by compiling various regular expressions like in the below expression we have compile pattern to find words from the sentence. After that, the various methods like find and finditer can be applied to the string by passing the pattern as an argument with string. Here I have applied finditer method to find words because it returns the words with its index span.
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12. lambda function:-
This function is also called as the anonymous function this function has no name it takes the parameter and returns the result within one line of the code. Specifically, it is used to define the key for Sorted and like functions
The left side of the colon is for the argument of the function and the right side is the return value from the function.
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13. Decorator
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14.Generator
The generator is the iterators that help to use instantiate data rather than using whole data. This task prevents the system from loading whole data instead it loads the only required portion.
Mainly the generators are used when a user needs to work with millions of data in the program without running out of memory.
There are two ways to create Generators:
1.With the help of yield keyword
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2.Generator comprehension
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15.*args:-
When we need to pass any no of arguments to the function then we define function parameter as *args this takes any no of arguments and converts it into the tuple. args are used when the number of arguments to be passed to the function is not predefined. Like in the below example in function to calculate square we pass one-two and three-argument respectively and function works accurately for all three values.
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16**kwargs
When we need to pass dictionary type data structure arguments to the function then we define function parameter as **kwargs this takes dictionary type data structure as an argument and converts it into the pure dictionary
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17.Use sets to remove the duplicate values from the list or any suitable iterable
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18. all function
All function returns true if all the value of the list is true
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19. any function
Any function returns true if any of the value of the list is true
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The basic purpose of this blog is to inform the reader about the obscure functionality of python. By knowing these functions the user can bring out more outcomes and in an effective way using python. So in this blog, we have discussed the various tools and functions in python which will help the beginner to understand the python language tools in a better and in a practical way.
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